home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- ESSAY, Page 74Caution: We Brake for Newton
-
-
- By Dennis Overbye
-
-
- Big people drive big cars. If one generalization seems
- safe in modern America, it is that the richer or more important
- you are, the more tons of steel and tinted glass you ride
- around in. Little people, if they drive at all, drive little
- cars, and you know without getting out your high school physics
- book what happens when big cars hit little cars. Perhaps it is
- fitting in some Darwinian way; we lowly ones in our eggshells
- offer minimal resistance as the Trumps and Keatings crunch over
- us, car phones in hand, on the way to their bankruptcy hearings
- and leveraged buyouts. Indeed, it seems part of the American
- Dream to become rich enough to wrap oneself in so much tanklike
- armor that one barely feels the bump of the riffraff undertire.
- But now that dream is under attack, according to an
- organization calling itself the Coalition for Vehicle Choice.
- According to the coalition, a collection of the usual
- well-meaning but misguided dupes, liberals, Congressmen,
- pessimists and wimps is threatening to make us all drive weenie
- cars by raising the required gas mileage of new autos.
-
- The point was made bluntly with a full-page ad in the New
- York Times that featured a photograph of a large car
- demolishing a smaller one. A headline blared in big black type,
- THE LAWS OF PHYSICS CANNOT BE LEGISLATED AWAY. The occasion for
- this uplifting lesson is the debate on George Bush's energy
- plan, which emphasizes domestic energy production to the
- exclusion of conservation. Environmentalists point out that
- raising fuel-economy standards from 27.5 m.p.g. to 34 (Honda and
- Toyota just announced they would start selling some cars with
- engines that do twice as well) would save more oil than
- expedited drilling in Alaska could provide. The carmakers
- clearly wanted to nip that idea in the bud. Efficient cars are
- smaller cars, and therefore fuel economy, they say, is dangerous
- to your health.
-
- As a science writer, I have to commend the coalition for
- this attempt to introduce physics into the national discourse,
- which surely needs an intellectual lift, but there are problems.
- Big cars are safer only for the people who happen to be riding
- in them at the time, much the way that Uzis are safer only for
- the people holding them. The National Highway Traffic Safety
- Administration doesn't count the number of lungs damaged by
- ozone from automobile exhaust. The birds and seals suffering and
- dying along whatever pristine coast an oil tanker chooses to run
- aground on don't make the tally. But they are traffic victims,
- as surely as are pedestrians run over in a crosswalk.
-
- The coalition didn't specify what laws of physics it had
- in mind. Colliding cars remind us of Newton's laws, which say
- in effect that the heavier and faster a thing is, the harder it
- is to stop. That's a fine analysis for a pair of billiard
- balls, but the world is more complicated than that. There are
- more laws of physics, such as those that govern the greenhouse
- effect. Nature has to obey them all. The art of science consists
- partly of figuring out which laws are the most important in a
- given situation. This is where the coalition failed. We need a
- better metaphor than the two-body-crunch, winner-loser model of
- society. And there is one. I suspect that even the
- poet-physicists in the Coalition for Vehicle Choice have heard
- of the second law of thermodynamics, one of the most
- far-reaching commandments of physics and one of the few to have
- escaped from science into the popular culture. At its most
- vulgar, the second law can be summarized as "Things get worse."
- Not an inspiring slogan.
-
- Thermodynamics originated as the study of heat and steam
- engines but has been generalized to include subjects as diverse
- as computers, biology and cosmology. There are three laws of
- thermodynamics. The first law says you can't create energy. The
- second law says you always squander some. The third law says you
- can't cool anything to absolute zero. Cynical students often put
- them thus: 1) You can't win; 2) You can't break even; 3) You
- can't get out of the game. The second law defines a quantity
- called entropy, which is a measure of waste and disorder, and
- which tends to increase over time inside the beating cylinder
- of an automobile engine, for example, or inside the universe.
- A little energy always gets wasted, which is why automobile
- exhaust is always hot and why you can't build a perpetual-motion
- machine. The melting of an ice cube, the gradual disarray of a
- closet and typos in this magazine are all triumphs of the second
- law.
-
- Picture an ad with a giant photograph of an idling exhaust
- pipe, seen end on, a faint stream of God-knows-what wafting
- lazily out on its way to the ozone layer or to your lungs. In
- this context those "laws of physics" mean something very
- different. The more and bigger machines we build, the more hot
- mystery exhaust we produce. What cannot be legislated away is
- the tendency for it to disperse and for oil to gush out of
- broken boats. The laws of physics say you can never put Alaska
- back together again once you have dismantled it for its
- minerals. As a point of national discourse, thermodynamics would
- be a reminder of mortality and humility. Left to themselves,
- things do get worse. Engineers will never build the perfect car
- or the foolproof missile-defense system, regardless of what you
- read in the glossy science magazines. The burden of saving the
- planet belongs not to technologists but to the rest of us. Sure
- we can always make better machines, but they will not save us;
- it is we who have to save them.
-
- Accidents are of course entropy, as is the slow wear of
- tire treads or the blur of alcoholic vision that suddenly turns
- all your raging horsepower and tons of steel from an asset into a
- trap. Too much entropy can deliver you back into Newton's dread
- realm after all. It was a big, black American sedan that skidded
- up the mountain road where I live on Memorial Day night, climbed
- a guy wire and broke the telephone pole. The way the car came
- to rest -- lights blazing, leaning against the opposite side of
- the pole from where it hit, the driver dead in the backseat --
- and the location of every last splinter of glass in the woods
- were perfectly explicable by the laws of physics.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-